Prefixes are a linguistic element that is not an independent word, but is attached to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. They can be added to root words, which might change either the meaning of the word or its grammatical function. Sometimes spelling changes when prefixes are added to root words. Learning Hiligaynon is easy when one knows how to join prefixes to an independent word, however. For one, building a vocabulary that is adequate to the needs of one's reading and self-expression has to be a personal goal for every writer and speaker. Language, after all, is power.
Here are some prefixes I have studied this week.
i- is a prefix used:—
(1) in forming all the passive tenses of many verbs having a passive in ‘i.’ Many verbs indicating an action that removes something from the agent belong to this class, as: to sell, send, throw, pay, give, hand over to (balígyà, padalá, pilák, báyad, hátag, túnghol), etc. In the forms with gina- and gin- the ‘i-’ is either prefixed or (now commonly) left out entirely, whilst in the forms with paga- and pag- the ‘i-’ comes between the root and paga- or pag-, e.g. hátag—to give. Iginahátag (ginahátag) níya iní sa ákon. He is giving me this. Iginhátag (ginhátag) níya iní sa ákon. He gave me this. Pagaihátag gid níya iní sa ákon. He will surely give me this. Walâ níya pagihátag iní sa ákon. He did not give me this. Indì níya pagihátag iní sa ákon. He will not give me this. Ihátag iní sa ákon. Give me this, etc.
(2) in expressing the idea of—the means by which—,—the instrument with which—, a thing is done, e.g. búhat—to make. Ibúhat iníng káhoy sang ákon baláy. Make use of this wood for building my house. Bakál— To buy. Iníng tátlo ka mángmang ibakál mo sing bág-o nga kálò. Buy a new hat with these three pesos, etc.
(3) in expressing a polite request, e.g. Ipalíhog mo akó ihátag sang ákon katahurán sa kay Edmond. Do me the favour of paying my respects to Edmond. (Synonym: ig-, iga-, ika-, inog-).
ginaka- is a verbal prefix denoting the present passive of intransitive verbs, e.g. Ginakalipáyan ko iní. I am glad of it. I enjoy this.
mag- is a prefix used chiefly in the following ways:
(1) to denote the active infinitive, e.g. Hándà na kamó maglakát? Are you now ready to set out? Malúyag akó magtán-aw sinâ. I want to see that. Magtuón ka magsulát sing maáyo. Learn to write well.
(2) to form the active imperative, e.g. Maghalín ka dirâ. Be off. Go away from there. Magtúman ka siní. Do this. Fulfil this faithfully. Magkáon na kamó. Now, eat your meal. Go to dinner. Indì ka magbúhat sinâ. Don’t do that. Dílì ka magsúgid sinâ sa íya. Don’t tell him that.
(3) To form the active negative with ‘índì,’ expressing a disinclination, objection or lack of intention, e.g. Indì akó magbayó. I am not going to pound rice. I will not pound rice. Nanáy, si Aldrin índì magtúman sang ímo nga ginsógò. Mother, Aldrin is not doing—or—will not do what you told him. Dì siá magtámbong, konó, sa ámon bádù. They say that he is not taking part in our entertainment.
(4) To form the past active negative with ‘walâ.’ Walâ siá magabút. He did not come. Walâ siá magkádto dídto. He has not gone there. Walâ pa siá magpanyága. He has not had his dinner yet.
(5) to form nouns (frequently by reduplicating the first syllable of the root, e.g. magtutúon—teacher (tuón); magbubúlung—doctor, physician (bulúng); magsusúlat—writer (sulát); mag-amáy— father; mag-anák—child, son, daughter; mag-ilóy—mother; magluyó—partner; etc. etc.
maga- is a verbal prefix used to denote:
(1) the active future, e.g. Buás magalakát akó sa Ilóiló. Tomorrow I will walk to Iloilo. Karón sa hápon magaabút gíkan sa Manílà ang akon amáy. This afternoon my father will arrive from Manila. Kon bayáan mo dirâ sa ínit ang bíno tínto magaáslum. If you leave the red wine there in the heat of the sun, it will go sour. (Synonym: ma-).
(2) a present negation with ‘walâ,’ e.g. Si Aldrin walâ magtánum kahápon, walâ man siá magatánum karón kag índì man siá magtánum buás. Aldrin did not plant rice yesterday, neither is he planting rice to-day nor will he do so to-morrow. This ‘maga-’ under (2) is never shortened into ‘ma-.’
naga- is a prefix indicating the present tense active (transitive and intransitive), e.g. Nagahámpang, nagabása, etc. siá. He is playing, reading, etc. Nagahunâhúnà akó nga -. I think that -. Si nánay nagahímos sang panyága. Mother is getting dinner ready. Nagapabugál silá. They are proud. Nagahalín na silá. They are leaving now. Nagadulúm na ang kalibútan. It is getting dark. Nagabahâ ang subâ. The river is in flood. Daw sa nagabúg-at na ang íya ginabátyag. It seems that his condition is becoming serious.
nagapam-, nagapan-, nagapang-, nagapang- is a prefix denoting the present tense active frequentative. Changes that pan- undergoes are determined by the following rules:
(a) nagapam- is used with verbs beginning with ‘m,’ ‘b’ or ‘p,’ e.g. nagapamalá (malá); nagapamakál (bakál); nagapamángkot (pángkot). NOTE WELL: Verbs beginning with the letter ‘m’ have the same form for the Frequentative and Causative, e.g. pamalá (malá). In such cases the context has to decide the true meaning.
(b) nagapan- is used with verbs beginning with ‘d,’ ‘s’ or ‘t,’ e.g. nagapanámgo (dámgo); nagapanílhig (sílhig); nagapanístis (tístis).
(c) nagapang- is used with verbs beginning with ‘h,’ ‘l’ or ‘y,’ e.g. nagapanghunâhúnà (hunâhúnà); nagapanglángbas (lángbas); nagapangyáwyaw (yáwyaw).
(d) nagapang- is used with verbs beginning with a vowel or ‘k,’ e.g. nagapangámpò (ámpò); nagapangínit (ínit); nagapangúbug (úbug); nagapangótkot (kótkot); nagapangisáykísay (kisáykísay).
NOTE WELL: The corresponding forms for the past, imperative and future (nagpan-, magpan- and magapan-) are often shortened into nam-, nan-, nang-, nang-; mam-, man-, mang-, mang-, e.g. nangáyò (nagpangáyò); nangabúdlay (nagpangabúdlay); nanúmbung (nagpanúmbung); mamányos (magapamányos); mangutána (magpangutána), etc. etc.
naka- is a prefix denoting the past tense active and corresponding to the future maka-. Naka- is chiefly used instead of nag-, when an action is either intransitive, problematic or potential, e.g. Nagtabók siá sa subâ. He crossed the river. (A simple statement of fact). Nakatabók siá sa subâ. He actually did cross or could cross the river (there having been a doubt whether he would, or could, cross the river).
naki- is a prefix denoting the past tense (nagpaki-) and corresponding to máki—for the future, e.g. nakibáis, nakibúlig, nakiló-oy, nakidúmug, nakitábang siá.
pag- is a prefix used to form:
(a) The infinitive. Mahapús ang pagpatíndog sing bág-o nga baláy, kon may kwárta lang ikáw. It is easy to erect a new house, if only you have the money. Ginapílit akó sa pagkádto dídto. I must go there. Laín ang pagsógò kag laín ang pagtúman. To order and to obey are different things.
(b) The negative. Indì mo pagbuháton inâ. Don’t do that. Walâ níya pagbuháta inâ. He did not do that. Walâ níya pagtón-I ang leksyón. He did not learn the lesson. Indì mo pag-ihátag sa íya iníng páhò nga línghod. Don’t give him this unripe mango. Walâ silá pagsúay. They never quarrel, etc.
(c) Verbal nouns. Ang pagsálig sa Diós. Trust or confidence in God. Ang pagtóo, pagláum kag paghigúgma. Faith, hope and charity. Ang pagkádto kag pagkarí. The journey to and fro, the round or return trip, etc.
(d) The imperative. Pagtíndog na kag paglakát. Arise (Stand up) and walk. (Synonym: mag—).
paga- is a prefix used to form:
(i) The passive future tense, e.g. Pagabuháton ko iní. I will (shall) do this. I am going to do it. Pagahulatón ko gid siá. I will certainly wait for him. Pagasulatán ko siá sa buás. Tomorrow I am going to write him. Pagaitúnghol ko sa íya iníng sulát sa madalî nga saráng mahímò. I’ll hand him this letter as soon as possible.
(ii) The negative present tense of the passive voice, e.g. Ngáa man nga walâ nínyo pagasilhigí ang balatonán? Why are you not sweeping the reception room? Walâ níla pagasókla ang dútà. They are not measuring (surveying) the land. Walâ ko pagaibalígyà ang bág-o nga pinatubás ko nga kalámay. I am not selling my new sugar crop. (Synonym: maga—the corresponding counterpart for the active voice).
paki- is a verbal prefix denoting an attachment to, a wish, desire or love for, what the root implies, e.g. pakitábang—to desire, wish, ask for help; pakibulág—to wish for a separation or divorce, etc. Pagpaki- stands for the infinitive, nagapaki-, magapaki-, magpaki- stand for the present, future and imperative respectively. Magapaki- and nagpaki- are often shortened to maki- and naki- (Synonym: pakig-, maki-, naki).
pala- is a prefix indicative of a habit or natural inclination to what is implied by the root, e.g. palaínum, palahúbug—a drunkard (inúm, hubúg); palahámbal— chatterbox, a great talker (hámbal); palanúgid—a tale-bearer, story-teller, one given or addicted to tale-bearing (panúgid); palakádlaw—one who—laughs much and often,—is always laughing (kádlaw); palahámpang—one given or addicted to sport, a sportsman (hámpang), etc.
tag- is a prefix indicating ownership or actual performance of what is implied by the term which it is attached to, e.g. tagpanghun-áhún-a—thinker, one who thinks out a plan, originates an idea, or the like; tagbúhat—maker; taghámbal— speaker. (Synonym: tig—, manog—, manug—).
taga- is a prefix denoting -
(1) Origin or source, e.g. taga-Manílà— native of Manila; tagabáybay—one who lives near the coast (beach); tagabúkid—a native or inhabitant of the mountains, a mountaineer. Tagadiín ikáw? Where do you come from? Where were you born? Where do you live? What place do you belong to?
(2) Attached to words indicating parts of the body taga- denotes the height or depth as measured by that part of the body, e.g. tagatúhud—up to the knees, knee-deep; tagalápaw——more than man-deep, rising above the head of a man. Tagaháwak karón ang túbig sang subâ. The water of the river is waist-deep at present. Tagaílok ang túbig sang pagtabók námon. When we crossed the water came to our armpits.
[Hiligaynon is the language of Iloilo City, Bacolod City, Roxas City, Korodanal City, northern Iloilo, Dumangas, Capiz, Negros Occidental, South Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat.]
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